Résumé
In this research, we analyzed the delivery service areas of restaurants, customer satisfaction, and restaurant sales of urban restaurants during the COVID-19 pandemic. We obtained the datasets on food ordering options and restaurant rankings based on Google Maps, Open Street Map, and widely known online food order applications in Iran. Based on this analysis we further modeled suitable areas for future extension of restaurants. We analyzed the online food order data of restaurants' sales and food delivery reports for 1050 restaurants in the city of Tabriz. We collected and analyzed data on the restaurant locations, the number of food orders for each restaurant, and the number of customers and their locations. Our results revealed that the spatial dimension of the newly emerging food delivery areas is of utmost importance for the success of restaurants. This indicates that an optimal location is not longer only dependent on factors like population density and competitors in the direct vicinity but on the services density even from more distant competitors. The results indicate that an optimized spatial distribution of the restaurants together with efficient quality in services can contribute to optimistic urban development. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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Considering the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the foundation of our socio-economic and environmental systems, it is imperative to apply multi-faceted sustainability approaches for the current and post-pandemic era. The built environment plays a key role in the spatial engagement of humans and their workspace in the urban environment. Proposing new concepts for the post-pandemic era that combine the built environment and sustainability techniques may provide an opportunity for better integration into the essence of sustainability. In this regard, this paper recommends applying circular economy idea in adaptive reuse practice of industrial heritage to create circular workplaces for the post-pandemic period. As an example of this given proposal, a scheme for a textile factory in Isfahan, Iran is presented. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Background: At the time of disease outbreaks, hospital staff's mental health may be affected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the level of health anxiety of employees in the corona referral hospital and non-referral hospital of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Résumé
Background. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an unprecedented and daunting challenge for humanity to survive. This has also affected the sporting events across the globe as the majority of the tournaments have been cancelled or postponed as a result. For life to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, an effective and safe vaccination program needs to be implemented, be readily accessible, widely available, and affordable at the same time. Objectives. In this review, we analyze various challenges which demonstrate that COVID-19 is far from over.Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, google scholar and Scopus from the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic to 22 June 2021. The current report is a summary of data regarding challenges faced by the COVID-19 vaccination campaign and the challenges for a transition toward normalcy especially for big sports events. Results. The current COVID-19 pandemic has likely resulted in sporting events and tournaments being canceled, postponed, or held without or with restricted spectators around the world. A combination of measures including prompt vaccination with the beneficial impact of the vaccines in reducing the severity of disease, advances in treatment, expanded use of diagnostics and better implementation of public-health policies are a necessity. Following this implementation, a transition toward normality could be expected when the mortality rate of COVID-19 simulates the average influenza statistics, with public-health measures continuing to play an important role worldwide. Conclusion. The authors believe that COVID-19 will be endemic in the human population, similar to seasonal influenza, and that COVID-19 vaccines will be included as an add-on to seasonal influenza vaccinations, being administered every winter for at least the next few decades. With adequate vaccination, the sporting world will be able to withstand the challenges and resume global events, returning to pre-Covid levels of normalcy.
Résumé
Background: From the emergence of the novel corona virus, several drugs have been proposed for its treatment. New compounds are being tested on a regular basis to find the most effective drug for ameliorating the symptoms of this infection. Organosulfur-rich compounds extracted from Allium sativum (garlic) has been found to have anti-viral and therapeutic effects in the management of COVID-19. Thus, this study has been designed to evaluate the efficacy of an organosulfur-derived capsule in the management of COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: 756 patients with COVID-19 infection were enrolled for this randomized case-control study in a hospital in northern Iran, which were randomly divided into placebo and organosulfur group. From 22 September 2020 to 19 March 2021, the organosulfur group was given an organosulfur-derived capsule (90 mg/kg) three times a day (every eight hours) for 14 days. Placebo capsules were given to the placebo group on the same regiment. 720 patients completed the treatment (n=360 in each group). Clinical symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory tests were evaluated both before and after the treatment. Result: A significant difference was found in the prevalence of cough (p-value=0.015), dyspnoea (p-value=0.014), and myalgia (p-value=0.001) along with O2-saturation (p-value=0.023), platelet (pvalue=0.023) and CRP (p-value<0.001) levels between placebo and organosulfur groups. Other symptoms haven't shown a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The present study showed that supplementary treatment of COVID-19 patients with organosulfur compounds can remarkably improve the clinical symptoms and O2-saturation along with platelet and CRP levels.
Résumé
Background and aims: The outbreak of COVID-19 is currently a major concern, and timely understanding of people's mental health status in the workplace has become an important issue. Physical-psychological parameters such as mental workload and job stress are among the most important components in determining the job performance of employees in work environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 epidemic on job stress and mental workload of employees in a chemical industry. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in two stages (before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran) from December 2019 to May 2020 in a chemical industry in Bushehr province. It should be noted that the first phase of this study was conducted before the outbreak of coronavirus in the form of a cross-sectional study. However, after the outbreak of coronavirus and in order to investigate the changing trend in the parameters of mental workload and job stress among participants, this study was performed in two stages in the form of a longitudinal study. The statistical population included all employees working in a chemical industry. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula with an error level of 0.05 and included 182 workers who were selected by simple random sampling method. The inclusion criterion was having at least one year of work experience and exclusion criteria were the presence of chronic mental illness, the use of sedatives, and insufficient willingness to participate in the study. Participants were able to drop out of the study at any stage if they were unwilling. Before starting the study and completing the questionnaires, all the necessary information about how to complete the questionnaires was explained to the staff and they expressed their willingness to take part in the study. However, to prevent a decrease in the number of participants in the study, the number of employees who entered the study included 200 people (182 people + 10% of the total sample size (18 workers)). The NASA-TLX mental workload questionnaire and the HSE job stress questionnaire were used to evaluate mental workload and job stress, respectively. The data collected during the present study were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical software version 25. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of data distribution. The findings of this statistical test showed that the distribution of data was normal in all cases (p >0.05). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency) were reported and statistical analysis was performed using paired sample t-test (to compare the mean of characteristics of the two psychological components of mental workload and job stress before and during the outbreak of coronavirus) as well as Chi-Square / Fisher's exact test. All tests were performed at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The means of age and work experience of the subjects were 32.88±9.53 and 9.45±4.23 years, respectively. The results of mental workload assessment based on the NASA-TLX index showed that the mean score of mental workload before and during the prevalence of coronavirus disease was 56.32± 9.58 and 66.45±11.82, respectively, and that there was a significant relationship between these values (p <0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the mean score of the dimensions of mental demand, overall performance, and frustration level before and during the outbreak of coronavirus. It was also found that the average score of all aspects of mental workload, except for temporal demand and overall performance, increased during the outbreak of coronavirus. The greatest increase was observed in the values of mental demand components and frustration level (Table 2). The results of the job stress assessment showed that the mean score of job stress before and during the outbreak of coronavirus disease was 80.78±18/29 and 68.88±12.74, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the prevalence of coronavirus disease significantly increased the job stress level of employees (p 0.05). Ultimately, these findings showed a significant relationship between the values of mental workload and job stress in employees before and during the coronavirus disease (p<0.05). Conclusion: An examination of people's mental workload based on the NASA-TLX index revealed that the prevalence of COVID-19 significantly increased the mental workload of the studied staff. It was found that the mean values of the dimensions of mental demand and the frustration level were significantly increased at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19. The findings revealed that the prevalence of COVID-19 had increased the level of mental workload imposed on employees, as well as the level of frustration, insecurity, and stress of employees when performing their duties. It was also found that the COVID-19 epidemic significantly reduced employee performance, making staff less satisfied with their overall performance in the workplace. Previous studies have also shown that the spread of viral diseases can increase a person's workload, which is consistent with the results of the present study. The study revealed that occupational stress levels increased during the outbreak of coronavirus. Previous studies have shown that the spread of viral diseases such as Mers and COVID-19 increases the level of anxiety, stress, insomnia, and depression among people. A study by Kim et al. revealed that after the outbreak of viral diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-COV), a person's level of burnout and stress increased, which could severely affect a one’s job performance, which is in tandem with the results of the present study. The present study was conducted for the first time to investigate the effect of coronavirus outbreak on physical-psychological components in the industrial sector in Iran. Therefore, the results of the present study can provide a novel insight into the impact of coronavirus epidemic on the components of mental workload and job stress in different work environments. The findings of the present study revealed that the prevalence of coronavirus disease has been able to affect different physical and psychological dimensions of personnel in the workplace. Therefore, psychological intervention is essential to improve the mental health of employees during and after the COVID-19 epidemic. © 2020 Iran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Résumé
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 epidemic on job stress and mental workload of employees in a chemical industry. This longitudinal study was conducted in two stages (before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran) from December 2019 to May 2020 in a chemical industry in Bushehr province. It should be noted that the first phase of this study was conducted before the outbreak of coronavirus in the form of a cross-sectional study. However, after the outbreak of coronavirus and in order to investigate the changing trend in the parameters of mental workload and job stress among participants, this study was performed in two stages in the form of a longitudinal study. The statistical population included all employees working in a chemical industry. The means of age and work experience of the subjects were 32.88+or-9.53 and 9.45+or-4.23 years, respectively. The results of mental workload assessment based on the NASA-TLX index showed that the mean score of mental workload before and during the prevalence of coronavirus disease was 56.32+or- 9.58 and 66.45+or-11.82, respectively, and that there was a significant relationship between these values (p <0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the mean score of the dimensions of mental demand, overall performance, and frustration level before and during the outbreak of coronavirus. It was also found that the average score of all aspects of mental workload, except for temporal demand and overall performance, increased during the outbreak of coronavirus. The greatest increase was observed in the values of mental demand components and frustration level (Table 2). The results of the job stress assessment showed that the mean score of job stress before and during the outbreak of coronavirus disease was 80.78+or-18/29 and 68.88+or-12.74, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the prevalence of coronavirus disease significantly increased the job stress level of employees (p <0.05). Ultimately, these findings showed a significant relationship between the values of mental workload and job stress in employees before and during the coronavirus disease (p<0.05).
Résumé
Background and Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has a profound effect on various occupations and has different consequences for the working community. This study was designed and conducted to investigate the psychological consequences of the prevalence of COVID-19 on the occupational community in Iran. Methods: This study was a follow-up study that was conducted in two phases (before and during the outbreak of COVID-19) from November 2019 to April 2020 in a chemical industrial complex in South Khorasan province, Iran. The study involved 330 employees in the chemical industry. The lifestyle and burnout of the employees were evaluated and analyzed using Walker's health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire and Maslach burnout inventory questionnaire, respectively. Results: The participation rate of individuals was 91.2% (301 employees). The mean age and work experience of the subjects were 38.1±13.4 and 9.9±8.7 years, respectively. There was a significant difference between the lifestyle and job burnout values before and during the outbreak of COVID-19 (p0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 has imposed many negative effects on the psychological components of the occupational community such as lifestyle and burnout. Therefore, it is suggested that psychological interventions be performed to improve the mental health of staff to reduce the psychological consequences of the outbreak of this disease. © 2020 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.